Vertaling van "horizontal cartel " (Engels → Nederlands) :

Agreements involving RPM may also affect patterns of trade in much the same way as horizontal cartels.

Nintendo and John Menzies were, nevertheless, granted large reductions, which stresses the importance the Commission attaches to co-operation by companies that have infringed EC competition law even if this was not through participation in a 'classic' horizontal cartel .

It is also by far the largest fine ever imposed for a so-called vertical infringement i.e., in this case, between a producer and its distributors as opposed to a horizontal cartel between manufacturers of the same product.

35. Emphasises that this agreement lays down basic principles for an effective competition policy through the establishment of uniform minimum standards for the prevention of anti-competitive practices, such as the formation of cartels, the abuse of a dominant position in the market, the prevention of vertical and horizontal restrictions on competition, as well as the establishment of independent competition authorities in all WTO member states to enforce minimum competition law standards; steps must be taken to ensure that a situati ...[+++]on does not arise in which companies would have to comply with differing national interpretations of competition law;

The Commission proposes the following steps: a) Countries could adopt domestic rules to control mergers, prevent abusive monopoly power and address other restrictive agreements, as well as adequate instruments to investigate, enforce and impose sanctions on them; b) Countries could identify a core of common principles and work towards their adoption at international level. These principles would promote equal conditions of competition worldwide, pave the way for competition bodies to coordinate global enforcement, and promote a gradual worldwide convergence of competition laws. It may be best to start with price-fixing, market-sharing, bid-rigging, group boycotts, export cartels a ...[+++]nd other 'horizontal' restraints. Monopolies and 'vertical' restraints like exclusive distribution and supply agreements could take longer, but work could begin in parallel. c) Countries could develop an instrument through which to exchange information and notify each other of investigations, and so reduce overlap and keep each other informed when investigating the same case. This mechanism could also include a so-called "positive comity" instrument, enabling one competition authority to request another to investigate and if necessary take action on the latter's market to protect the former's interests; d) The WTO's rules for settling disputes could be used if a country fails to set up adequate competition rules or fails to react to a request by another country to investigate a case.